Unusual Peripheral Neuropathies. Part I: Extrinsic Causes

ABSTRACT

Peripheral neuropathy is common with many different etiologies. This is the first of three articles reviewing the less common causes of peripheral neuropathy. The first article includes the extrinsic causes of neuropathy including toxic/medications, infectious, nutritional, and systemic metabolic derangements. The second and third articles review the intrinsic causes of peripheral neuropathy. These reviews describe common presentations and constellation of manifestations and clinical findings.

KEYWORDS

Peripheral neuropathy - neuropathy - toxic-related neuropathy - heavy metal-related neuropathy - solvent-related neuropathy - infectious-related neuropathy - nutrition-related neuropathy

REFERENCES

• 1 Baldereschi M, Inzitari M, Di Carlo A, Farchi G, Scafato E, Inzitari D. ILSA Working Group . Epidemiology of distal symmetrical neuropathies in the Italian elderly.  Neurology. 2007;  68(18) 1460-1467
• 2 Dyck P J, Oviatt K F, Lambert E H. Intensive evaluation of referred unclassified neuropathies yields improved diagnosis.  Ann Neurol. 1981;  10(3) 222-226
• 3 Lubec D, Müllbacher W, Finsterer J, Mamoli B. Diagnostic work-up in peripheral neuropathy: an analysis of 171 cases.  Postgrad Med J. 1999;  75(890) 723-727
• 4 Smith A G, Singleton J R. The diagnostic yield of a standardized approach to idiopathic sensory-predominant neuropathy.  Arch Intern Med. 2004;  164(9) 1021-1025
• 5 Martyn C N, Hughes R A. Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;  62(4) 310-318
• 6 Emery A E. Population frequencies of inherited neuromuscular diseases—a world survey.  Neuromuscul Disord. 1991;  1(1) 19-29
• 7 Mold J W, Vesely S K, Keyl B A, Schenk J B, Roberts M. The prevalence, predictors, and consequences of peripheral sensory neuropathy in older patients.  J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004;  17(5) 309-318
• 8 Aronson J K, Dukes M NG. Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions. 15th ed. Amsterdam/Boston; Elsevier 2006
• 9 Davies D M. Textbook of Adverse Drug Reactions. 4th ed. Oxford/New York; Oxford University Press 1991: xiv, 879
• 10 PDR Guide to Drug Interactions, Side Effects, and Indications. Montvale, NJ; Thomson PDR 2006: v
• 11 Argov Z, Mastaglia F L. Drug-induced peripheral neuropathies.  BMJ. 1979;  1(6164) 663-666
• 12 Charness M E, Morady F, Scheinman M M. Frequent neurologic toxicity associated with amiodarone therapy.  Neurology. 1984;  34(5) 669-671
• 13 Kuncl R W, Cornblath D R, Avila O, Duncan G. Electrodiagnosis of human colchicine myoneuropathy.  Muscle Nerve. 1989;  12(5) 360-364
• 14 Simpson D M. Selected peripheral neuropathies associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral therapy.  J Neurovirol. 2002;  8(Suppl 2) 33-41
• 15 Holmberg L, Boman G, Böttiger L E, Eriksson B, Spross R, Wessling A. Adverse reactions to nitrofurantoin. Analysis of 921 reports.  Am J Med. 1980;  69(5) 733-738
• 16 Schaumburg H, Kaplan J, Windebank A et al.. Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse. A new megavitamin syndrome.  N Engl J Med. 1983;  309(8) 445-448
• 17 Phan T, McLeod J G, Pollard J D, Peiris O, Rohan A, Halpern J P. Peripheral neuropathy associated with simvastatin.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;  58(5) 625-628
• 18 Chong P H, Boskovich A, Stevkovic N, Bartt R E. Statin-associated peripheral neuropathy: review of the literature.  Pharmacotherapy. 2004;  24(9) 1194-1203
• 19 Wolf S, Barton D, Kottschade L, Grothey A, Loprinzi C. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: prevention and treatment strategies.  Eur J Cancer. 2008;  44(11) 1507-1515
• 20 London Z, Albers J W. Toxic neuropathies associated with pharmaceutic and industrial agents.  Neurol Clin. 2007;  25(1) 257-276
• 21 Siegal T, Haim N. Cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Frequent off-therapy deterioration, demyelinating syndromes, and muscle cramps.  Cancer. 1990;  66(6) 1117-1123
• 22 Koike H, Iijima M, Sugiura M et al.. Alcoholic neuropathy is clinicopathologically distinct from thiamine-deficiency neuropathy.  Ann Neurol. 2003;  54(1) 19-29
• 23 Kuwabara S, Kai M R, Nagase H, Hattori T. n-Hexane neuropathy caused by addictive inhalation: clinical and electrophysiological features.  Eur Neurol. 1999;  41(3) 163-167
• 24 Chang Y C. Patients with n-hexane induced polyneuropathy: a clinical follow up.  Br J Ind Med. 1990;  47(7) 485-489
• 25 Smith A G, Albers J W. n-Hexane neuropathy due to rubber cement sniffing.  Muscle Nerve. 1997;  20(11) 1445-1450
• 26 Schaumburg H H, Spencer P S. Degeneration in central and peripheral nervous systems produced by pure n-hexane: an experimental study.  Brain. 1976;  99(2) 183-192
• 27 Jones H B, Cavanagh J B. Distortions of the nodes of Ranvier from axonal distension by filamentous masses in hexacarbon intoxication.  J Neurocytol. 1983;  12(3) 439-458
• 28 Kumar N. Neurologic presentations of nutritional deficiencies.  Neurol Clin. 2010;  28(1) 107-170
• 29 Berger J R. The neurological complications of bariatric surgery.  Arch Neurol. 2004;  61(8) 1185-1189
• 30 Skeen M B. Neurologic manifestations of gastrointestinal disease.  Neurol Clin. 2002;  20(1) 195-225, vii vii
• 31 Koffman B M, Greenfield L J, Ali I I, Pirzada N A. Neurologic complications after surgery for obesity.  Muscle Nerve. 2006;  33(2) 166-176
• 32 Juhasz-Pocsine K, Rudnicki S A, Archer R L, Harik S I. Neurologic complications of gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity.  Neurology. 2007;  68(21) 1843-1850
• 33 Green R, Kinsella L J. Current concepts in the diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency.  Neurology. 1995;  45(8) 1435-1440
• 34 Kinsella L J, Green R. ‘Anesthesia paresthetica’: nitrous oxide-induced cobalamin deficiency.  Neurology. 1995;  45(8) 1608-1610
• 35 Amaral J F, Thompson W R, Caldwell M D, Martin H F, Randall H T. Prospective hematologic evaluation of gastric exclusion surgery for morbid obesity.  Ann Surg. 1985;  201(2) 186-193
• 36 Saperstein D S, Wolfe G I, Gronseth G S et al.. Challenges in the identification of cobalamin-deficiency polyneuropathy.  Arch Neurol. 2003;  60(9) 1296-1301
• 37 Ohnishi A, Tsuji S, Igisu H et al.. Beriberi neuropathy. Morphometric study of sural nerve.  J Neurol Sci. 1980;  45(2-3) 177-190
• 38 Kumar N, Boes C J, Vilensky J. Neurologic sequelae of deficiency diseases in World War II prisoners of war: extracts from a videographic narrative.  J Clin Neurosci. 2010;  17(3) 294-295
• 39 Henri-Bhargava A, Melmed C, Glikstein R, Schipper H M. Neurologic impairment due to vitamin E and copper deficiencies in celiac disease.  Neurology. 2008;  71(11) 860-861
• 40 Kumar N, Low P A. Myeloneuropathy and anemia due to copper malabsorption.  J Neurol. 2004;  251(6) 747-749
• 41 Goodman B P, Bosch E P, Ross M A, Hoffman-Snyder C, Dodick D D, Smith B E. Clinical and electrodiagnostic findings in copper deficiency myeloneuropathy.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;  80(5) 524-527
• 42 Weihl C C, Lopate G. Motor neuron disease associated with copper deficiency.  Muscle Nerve. 2006;  34(6) 789-793
• 43 Nations S P, Boyer P J, Love L A et al.. Denture cream: an unusual source of excess zinc, leading to hypocupremia and neurologic disease.  Neurology. 2008;  71(9) 639-643
• 44 Rosenbaum R. Neuromuscular complications of connective tissue diseases.  Muscle Nerve. 2001;  24(2) 154-169
• 45 Said G. Infectious neuropathies.  Neurol Clin. 2007;  25(1) 115-137
• 46 Soysal A, Atay T, Ozu T, Arpaci B. Electrophysiological evaluation of peripheral and autonomic involvement in leprosy.  Can J Neurol Sci. 2004;  31(3) 357-362
• 47 Marques Jr W, Foss N T, Arruda A P, Barreira A A. Near-nerve potential in lepromatous leprosy.  Muscle Nerve. 2003;  28(4) 460-463
• 48 Mygland A, Skarpaas T, Ljøstad U. Chronic polyneuropathy and Lyme disease.  Eur J Neurol. 2006;  13(11) 1213-1215
• 49 Ferrari S, Vento S, Monaco S et al.. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated peripheral neuropathies.  Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;  81(2) 213-219
• 50 Ellis R J, Rosario D, Clifford D B CHARTER Study Group et al. Continued high prevalence and adverse clinical impact of human immunodeficiency virus-associated sensory neuropathy in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: the CHARTER Study.  Arch Neurol. 2010;  67(5) 552-558
• 51 Alpa M, Ferrero B, Cavallo R et al.. Anti-neuronal antibodies in patients with HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia.  Autoimmun Rev. 2008;  8(1) 56-58
• 52 Feibel J H, Campa J F. Thyrotoxic neuropathy (Basedow's paraplegia).  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1976;  39(5) 491-497
• 53 Torres C F, Moxley R T. Hypothyroid neuropathy and myopathy: clinical and electrodiagnostic longitudinal findings.  J Neurol. 1990;  237(4) 271-274
• 54 Ørstavik K, Norheim I, Jørum E. Pain and small-fiber neuropathy in patients with hypothyroidism.  Neurology. 2006;  67(5) 786-791
• 55 McManis P G, Windebank A J, Kiziltan M. Neuropathy associated with hyperlipidemia.  Neurology. 1994;  44(11) 2185-2186
• 56 Delaney P. Gouty neuropathy.  Arch Neurol. 1983;  40(13) 823-824